The ability of media users to recognize fake news is perceived as one of the most important elements of citizens’ media literacy. Critical understanding of media content certainly helps us resist or avoid various forms of information manipulation that we encounter today, both in traditional media and in other channels and forms of communication, on social networks or in interpersonal communication. But are all “fake news” really lies, half-truths, or another form of manipulation of message recipients? What is the original meaning of the English phrase “fake news,” and how many meanings does it have? Does it also refer to content that is actually a critical interpretation of traditional news, helping media users better understand events and phenomena in contemporary society? How can we train ourselves to recognize these differences and use them constructively in everyday life?

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